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Testing Lab of Battery and Electric Vehicle ProductsGuangdong ESTL Technology co.,Ltd.
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Editor:ESTL Category:Technical information Release time:2019-08-18 Click volume:1281
The lithium ion battery is mainly composed of a positive electrode material, a negative electrode material, a separator, and an electrolyte. Lithium-ion batteries in a low-temperature environment are characterized by a drop in discharge voltage platform, low discharge capacity, fast capacity decay, and poor rate performance. The main factors that restrict the low temperature performance of lithium ion batteries are the following:
1. Positive structure
The three-dimensional structure of the positive electrode material restricts the diffusion rate of lithium ions, and the effect is particularly obvious at low temperatures. The cathode materials of lithium ion batteries include commercial lithium iron phosphate, nickel cobalt manganese ternary materials, lithium manganate, lithium cobalt oxide, etc., and also include high voltage cathode materials such as lithium nickel manganese oxide and lithium iron manganese phosphate in the development stage. , lithium vanadium phosphate and the like. Different cathode materials have different three-dimensional structures, and the cathode materials currently used as power batteries for electric vehicles are mainly lithium iron phosphate, nickel-cobalt-manganese ternary materials and lithium manganate. Wu Wendi et al studied the discharge performance of lithium iron phosphate battery and nickel cobalt manganese ternary battery at -20 ° C. It was found that the discharge capacity of lithium iron phosphate battery at -20 ° C can only reach 67.38% of normal temperature capacity, while nickel cobalt manganese three The battery can reach 70.1%.
2. High melting point solvent
Due to the presence of a high melting point solvent in the electrolyte mixed solvent, the viscosity of the lithium ion battery electrolyte increases in a low temperature environment, and when the temperature is too low, the electrolyte solidification phenomenon occurs, resulting in a decrease in the transport rate of lithium ions in the electrolyte.
3. Lithium ion diffusion rate
The diffusion rate of lithium ions in the graphite negative electrode decreases in a low temperature environment. A study indicates that the charge transfer impedance of lithium-ion batteries increases under low temperature conditions, which leads to a decrease in the diffusion rate of lithium ions in graphite anodes, which is an important reason for the low-temperature performance of lithium-ion batteries.
4.SEI film
In the low temperature environment, the SEI film of the negative electrode of the lithium ion battery is thickened, and the increase of the SEI film impedance leads to a decrease in the conduction rate of lithium ions in the SEI film. Finally, the lithium ion battery is charged and discharged in a low temperature environment to form a polarization to reduce the charge and discharge efficiency.
to sum up:
At present, many factors affect the low temperature performance of lithium ion batteries, such as the structure of the positive electrode, the migration rate of lithium ions in various parts of the battery, the thickness and chemical composition of the SEI film, and the choice of lithium salt and solvent in the electrolyte.
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